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Now that spring is here, many of us are excited to do some hiking. But did you know that frequently, when hiking we unknowingly participate in the transfer of invasive species? I spoke with Megan Dolman, a Ph.D. student studying ecology, evolution and behavior at Boise State University, to learn more.

When we go hiking, sometimes we come home with little things stuck to our socks or clothes. What are these, and why might they be a problem?

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The little things stuck to your socks or clothes after hiking are likely seeds and burrs from non-native invasive plants. Particular species of non-native invasive plants produce 'sticky' seeds that are designed to attach to unsuspecting animals or people. These seeds can be carried long distances before they fall off and become established in new environments.

What are some examples of invasive species that we might unwittingly transport from our hikes back to our neighborhoods, and what trouble could they cause?

Examples of invasive plants and the problems they may cause are numerous and vary depending on the U.S. state or region.

• Along much of the east coast, japanese stiltgrass is one example of an invasive plant that, when established, grows quickly to form a dense mat that outcrowds native vegetation. Across much of the western U.S., cheatgrass is another example that can be problematic.
• Cheatgrass grows annually and produces seeds that have wedged awns that stick easily to shoes, clothing, gear, and animal fur. Cheatgrass can cause several problems. It alters the grass-fire cycle, leading to larger and more frequent wildfires. It replaces native grasses that better support livestock grazing and it can cause serious health problems for livestock, pets, and wildlife.
• I live in Boise, Idaho, and a familiar example here is puncturevine, also known as "goathead". This plant produces thorny burrs that can cause serious injury to people, pets, animals, as well as causing bicycle and vehicle tire punctures. As such it is a particular nuisance in residential areas, and here in Boise we have the Boise Goathead Fest to raise awareness of this plant.

What's an example of a particularly problematic invasive species in the US?

In the U.S., Kudzu is an example of a particularly problematic invasive plant. It is a fast-growing climbing vine that outcompetes native vegetation by creating a dense blanket of leaves and blocking sunlight.

What are some ways that hikers can help to make sure they don't unwittingly help invasive species?

There are several ways that hikers can help to make sure they don't unwittingly introduce and spread invasive plant species. These include:

• Cleaning hiking shoes before and after trips to remove any mud and seeds.
• Checking and cleaning all hiking gear and equipment, as well as clothing, vehicles, and pets. Certain clothing surfaces will help to repel invasive plant seeds. Fastening gaiters over shoes will prevent seeds getting stuck in shoelaces, and wearing uncuffed and pocketless pants will minimize areas where seeds can get stuck.
• Practicing the Leave No Trace principles, which include staying on designated trails for both hiking and camping and not moving firewood between sites.
• Learning to identify invasive plants, and reporting sightings when and where you see invasive plants.

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